Lung cancer remains one of the most significant health challenges in Australia, yet it often receives less attention than other major cancers. Every November, Lung Cancer Awareness Month calls for greater understanding, earlier detection, and improved support for Australians affected by this disease. With around 15,000 Australians diagnosed with lung cancer each year, greater awareness can make a meaningful difference in survival outcomes and quality of life.
This article explores the early symptoms that are easy to miss, the biggest risk factors, the two major types of lung cancer, diagnostic pathways, and available treatment options. It also highlights why early medical advice is crucial for anyone experiencing changes in their breathing or persistent respiratory symptoms.
Why Lung Cancer Is Often Diagnosed Late
One of the main challenges with lung cancer is that early symptoms can be subtle. Many people confuse them with minor respiratory infections or attribute them to ageing, allergies, or lifestyle factors. As a result, lung cancer is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage, when treatment becomes more complex.
Common early symptoms that are easy to miss include:
- A persistent cough that does not improve
- Mild shortness of breath during everyday activities
- Hoarseness or slight voice changes
- Chest discomfort, not necessarily pain
- Fatigue that develops gradually
- Recurrent respiratory infections
- Unexplained weight loss
- Coughing up small amounts of blood
Anyone experiencing these symptoms for more than a few weeks should seek a medical check-up. Early detection leads to significantly better outcomes, and research backed by Cancer Australia confirms that timely diagnosis improves treatment success rates, as outlined on the Cancer Australia website (www.canceraustralia.gov.au).
The Biggest Risk Factors for Lung Cancer
Lung cancer can affect anyone, including people with no history of smoking. However, certain lifestyle and environmental factors greatly increase the likelihood of developing the disease.
Key risk factors include:
- Smoking
Smoking remains the largest contributor to lung cancer risk in Australia. Cigarette smoke contains more than 70 carcinogenic chemicals. Long term smokers have a far higher chance of developing lung cancer than non smokers. - Second-hand smoke
Even exposure to other people’s cigarette smoke can raise risk over time. - Family history or genetic predisposition
Individuals with close relatives diagnosed with lung cancer may have an elevated risk. - Occupational exposure
Long-term exposure to asbestos, diesel exhaust, radon gas, silica dust and other harmful substances can increase risk significantly. - Age
Lung cancer becomes more common in people over 50, but it can occur at any age. - Environmental pollution
Air pollution has been linked to higher lung cancer incidence, particularly in urban and industrial regions.
Reliable guidance and prevention resources are provided by the Cancer Council, which outlines risk reduction strategies on the Cancer Council website (www.cancer.org.au).
Understanding the Two Main Types of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is not a single disease. The two primary forms behave differently, grow at different rates, and require different treatment approaches.
1. Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
This is the most common type, accounting for about 85 percent of cases. NSCLC tends to grow more slowly and may include several subtypes such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Treatment decisions often depend on tumour genetics, stage, and patient health.
2. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
SCLC is less common but more aggressive. It typically spreads quickly and is strongly associated with smoking. Although it responds well initially to chemotherapy and radiation, it often returns. Because of its fast growth, SCLC is usually diagnosed at a later stage.
Understanding the difference between NSCLC and SCLC helps doctors tailor treatment plans and discuss realistic expectations with patients.
How Lung Cancer Is Diagnosed
Diagnosis usually begins with a GP consultation followed by imaging such as chest X rays or CT scans. If a suspicious area is identified, a biopsy is performed to confirm cancer cells. Further tests may include PET scans, blood tests, and molecular profiling to determine whether the tumour has specific genetic mutations that could benefit from targeted therapies.
Treatment Options and the Importance of Specialist Advice
Treatment for lung cancer varies based on type, stage, overall health, and individual preferences. The main options include:
- Surgery to remove part or all of the affected lung
- Radiation therapy to target cancer cells
- Chemotherapy to treat cancer throughout the body
- Targeted therapy for cancers with specific genetic markers
- Immunotherapy which helps the immune system recognise and attack cancer cells
- Palliative care to improve comfort and quality of life at any stage
Because every patient is unique, it is important to consult a GP, respiratory specialist, or oncologist to discuss the best options. Treatment decisions should always be guided by clinical expertise and a personalised understanding of the patient’s health.
Reducing Risk and Supporting Early Detection
While not all lung cancers can be prevented, many strategies can lower risk:
- Avoid smoking and seek support programs if trying to quit
- Limit exposure to hazardous substances in occupational settings
- Maintain good air quality at home
- Schedule regular health check ups, especially for individuals at higher risk
- Pay attention to persistent symptoms and seek early review
Lung Cancer Awareness Month encourages Australians to stay informed, prioritise respiratory health, and support loved ones facing this disease. With greater awareness of early symptoms, risk factors, and treatment pathways, individuals can take proactive steps to improve outcomes and seek timely medical guidance.
Knowledge empowers better health, and understanding lung cancer is a vital step toward early detection and effective care.
References
- Cancer Australia 2024, Lung Cancer Overview, Cancer Australia, viewed November 2025, https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au.
- Cancer Council Australia 2024, Understanding Lung Cancer, Cancer Council, viewed November 2025, https://www.cancer.org.au.